![]() More readings about this, look for Richard Sproat and KyleGorman's work at Google. There are indeed something that needs to be improved:įor TN, NSW normalizers in TN dir are based on regular expression, I've found some unintended matches, those pattern regexps need to be refined for more precise TN coverage.įor ITN, extend those thrax rewriting grammars to cover more scenarios.įurther more, nowadays commercial systems start to introduce RNN-like models into TN, and a mix of (rule-based & model-based) system is state-of-the-art. Since TN is a typical "done is better than perfect" module in context of ASR, and the current state is sufficient for my purpose, I probably won't update this repo frequently. Make sure you have thrax installed, and your PATH should be able to find thrax binaries. Sh run.sh in TN dir, and compare raw text and normalized text. Step: Download and install MP3Gain drag the target MP3 file into the software click Track Analysis type a value in Target 'Normal' Volume, up to 99db click Track. ![]() But it will not degrade the audio quality. Make sure you have python3, python2.X won't work correctly. MP3Gain is a MP3 volume normalizer that can analyze the target MP3 file and adjust each fragment to the similar volume. Note: All input text should be UTF-8 encoded. Pass -format tsv option, normalization will apply to TEXT field only. ![]() Supported NSW (Non-Standard-Word) Normalization NSW typeĪcknowledgement: the NSW normalization codes are based on Zhiyang Zhou's work hereįor Chinese, it removes punctuation list collected in Zhon project, containing Since my background is speech processing, this project should be able to handle most common TN tasks, in Chinese ASR text processing pipelines. This project sets up a ready-to-use TN module for Chinese. The target volume is in accordance with the EBU R128 loudness standardization specification. It automatically normalize the volume of audio files and increase to the uniform volume target without degrading quality. TN is a less important topic for either academic or commercials. MP3 Gain for mac is a simple tool designed specifically to increase and normalize the volume of audio (mp3, aac, wma, etc) files. Since constructing and maintaining TN is hard, it is actually an asset for commercial companies, hence it is unlikely to find a product-level TN in open-source community (correct me if you find any) Subtle and intrinsic complexities hide inside TN task itself, not in tools or frameworks. Some of TN processing methods are shared across languages, but a good TN module always involves language-specific knowledge and treatments, more or less.Įven for the same language, different applications require quite different TN.Ĭonstructing and maintaining a set of TN rewrite-rules is painful, whatever toolkits and frameworks you choose. There is quite some work between "support text normalization" and "do text normalization". Instead, you find a bunch of NLP toolkits or frameworks that supports TN functionality. Search for "Text Normalization"(TN) on Google and Github, you can hardly find open-source projects that are "read-to-use" for text normalization tasks. Chinese Text Normalization for Speech Processing Problem
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![]() “After six weeks, that’s when you should start using purple shampoo,” she says.Įven though these products are advertised as shampoos and conditioners, they’re not meant for daily use. She explains that as your toner starts to rinse out, which usually takes about six weeks, that’s when the underlying pigment of your hair, which is warm, starts to shine through. “Blondes shouldn’t have to use purple shampoo right after they see their colourists,” says Carolyn Mila, a master colour technician at Toronto Alibi Cutting Room. One common mistake faux blondes succumb to is overdosing on the purple stuff. How to use purple shampooĪs effective as purple shampoos are at combating brassiness (caused by unavoidable toner fadeout, ultraviolet rays and water with high mineral levels), it’s not a magic wand. And they work just as well on platinum blondes as they do silver foxes. These products deposit a sheer violet tint into the cuticles of your hair’s strands which help neutralize unwanted yellow or brassy tones. ![]() Purple is opposite of yellow on the colour wheel, which means the pigments cancel each other out. Why purple? It all comes down to simple colour theory. If there’s one product every blonde needs, it’s purple shampoo. Consider these products and treatments your hair colour’s insurance policy. Not only do you need to be committed to regular touch-ups, but you also need to invest in products to keep your highlights, balayage or dye job looking fresh. B londe hair-especially dyed blonde hair-is high maintenance. But six weeks later…that’s another story. A good blonde colour service will leave your hair looking bright, multi-dimension and without a trace of brassiness. When it comes to artificially enhanced blonde hair, nothing looks (or feels) better than when it’s freshly coloured. Eight zombie types to slaughter, each with their own behaviourial patterns, strengths and weaknesses – Normal, Exploder, Crazy, Dancers, Rushers, Riot, Noxious and Super Zombie!.Stop them!) and ‘Lawn of the Dead!’ (a lawnmower and a lot of zombies. Ten bloody and gag-filled custom Challenges across all levels including ‘My Exploding Zombie Head!’ (kick it around the map and shoot to detonate), ‘Zombies Ate My Teddy!’ (zombies are after your teddy.Two player Co-op and Versus modes (Freeplay and Timed only).Three single-player modes – Freeplay, Timed and Defence.Six American horror movie inspired playable levels – The Woods, Graveyard, Suburbia, Drive-In, Military Base and Secret Lab. ![]() Super Zombie – He’s big, he’s strong, his brain’s in a jar and he has serious bowel problems! Pretty much immune to everything except explosives, the Super Zombie is hard to kill.Noxious – These diseased zombies can cause damage if you get near them but worse still – they can infect other zombies with a plague that turns them green and makes them immune to fire and dance guns.Riot – These zombies have taken precautions, with welder’s masks to protect their faces and dustbin lids to protect their bodies, they can only be shot from behind.Rushers – The jocks of the zombie world, they’ll charge you at speed but they’re not too bright and can’t turn very well.Dancers – Dancers hate it when you look at them and will try and dance around to attack you from the back.Crazy – Identifiable by their beanie hats, these zombies will chase you clear across the map.Don’t get too close or they’ll try to take you with them Exploder – Big flashing lights make sure these walking bombs are clearly visible.They shamble slowly around until they get close and then they rush towards you Normal – The every day, humdrum, wants-to-eat-your-brains zombie.But beware! A burning zombie is a faster zombie – burn too many and they will burn you!īurn Zombie Burn is frantic, arcade gaming at its best, delivering humour and bloody zombie violence in copious amounts!.Įach type of zombie has its own behavioural pattern, strengths and weaknesses, and it is up to players to discover the most effective tactics to deal with them on their way to racking up that high score and of course staying alive. Use fire to build up your multiplier and then destroy zombies en masse with explosives to increase that oh-so-important leaderboard high score. The aim of the game couldn’t be simpler shoot, burn and blow up as many brain munching zombies as possible using a variety of classic zombie killing weapons before they overwhelm you. Set across six classic American horror movie inspired levels, Burn Zombie Burn is a third-person shoot-em-up in the classic coin-op tradition featuring next-gen game play mechanics, and possessing that ‘one-more-go’ addictiveness which define all of the great shooters. In true B-movie style their Saturday night is ruined by an invasion of zombies. You play Bruce – an average every-day Joe who was looking forward to some ‘quality time’ with his girlfriend Daisy. ![]() But once it has been reviewed, these should be come templates that can be customised with amendments as needed. Project Terms Template / Contracts / Letters of Agreement templates – Now any legal document like your terms, your contracts, and/or your letters of agreement should really be reviewed by a lawyer to ensure they’re fair to you and your clients.Project Scope of Works template – This will also likely change from project to project but having a very thorough ‘starter scope of works’ will give you something to edit to produce the correct one for the relevant project easily.Cover Letter template – This will obviously change from project to project but having a base letter to build upon will make it so much quicker and easier to write these letters (or emails) quickly.Don’t forget to show inclusions and exclusions as well to make sure the fee proposal is clear. Essentially, you’re giving yourself a form to fill in to help you assemble a thorough and accurate fee proposal. Consider a fee proposal that’s a straight design project, a fee proposal that’s design and FF&E purchasing, etc. Fee Proposal template – You may need a few fee proposal templates, to help accommodate various types of projects you work on.Project Proposal template – Having an InDesign document ready to go with all the framework you need to assemble a winning proposal will save you time and keep your professional presentation consistent.Note: These project templates are organised in the general structure of the RIBA Plan of Work, often used in the UK. Here’s a good list to get you started on what templates you can make to make the running of your projects and practice easier. Having templates that are pre-made and pre-designed will let you get back to focusing on the design projects that you love. We have designed the best of the best free website templates just for you by considering all these factors.Making interior design templates is one of the best investments you can do to increase your efficiency. To keep the website bounce rate low the user interface must be easy.This ensures the number of returning visitors. The website should be beautiful and attractive.To operate easily the size of buttons must be comparable to the ideal fingertip size.There are some major factors to be considered while deciding a website template for mobile, Clickable areas and Buttons should be touch-friendly for the best user experience. TemplatesHub templates are developed with responsive web design techniques, so they look awesome across all devices.Ī mobile-friendly website is necessary for your business because the number of mobile users increasing rapidly. Now, your dream website can be achievable in just a few minutes with Templates Hub. Our templates are ready to publish, and you can even customize them according to your needs. We have a collection of more than 400 free website templates and WordPress themes using which you can build an eCommerce websites to sell your products online or a landing page for marketing or a business portfolio. You can easily download FREE PHP projects on different topics according to your requirements.Īt Templates Hub, we have HTML website templates with a predefined collection of required web pages designed especially for different professionals and businesses. PHP is considered the best language for developing dynamic web pages. And, if you are looking for the most perfect design, your search will end here. You must design and develop every web page as interesting and attractive as possible. The interactions between your customers and the website.Ī website contains several web pages. The flow of data on your website.ĬSS describes the display of the arrangement, how your website looks?Īnd, JS handles all the interactions. ![]() ![]() HTML controls all the structure of the document. If you are a web developer or a web designer, you must be informed of the three key elements needed to develop a website.įor designing a website blow are the three key elements: ![]() Some things missing from the online version are: ![]() What are the differences in the online version and the offline versions? Please also read the txt file that comes with it. Vortex00 – UMCC Khalei Butterfly OST – UmichanMaikoClassroomCheaters.swf I downloaded it from bandcamp but I don’t see the game. Keep the right ones as they were and click start again. ![]() An Example follows.Ģ That’s too fast -> choose a heart which beats slowerģ Hold on here so I don’t cum too fast -> You have to let the heart gray on theseĤ A little faster -> go up one heart in speedĪfter listening all the 5 instructions, all you have to do is correct the hearts he said that wasn’t ok. When you click start, the boy will tell you which heart speeds are right. There will be 5 hearts before starting and they will be empty, each click on them will make they beat faster, indicating how fast the girl will stroke the penis. Then go the camera icon and make sure Maikos boobs are in view and press A to take the picture. Raise up the camera, click off her shirt my clicking the middle of her cleavage. After she is sweaty return to the girls locker room. Have Maiko sweat from doing physical activities in the gym. you can get there from the main school hallway. After the train up to beat the practice challenge for that club. Level you skill to level 3 and join that club. At max lvl khalei you can answer 5 questions this way.Īfter finishing all questions, you can click again on the test papers to finish it before the time ends. You have to click on each square and wait for her to answer, the speed depends on how much she knows about that class (studying more makes her answer faster).Īnother useful skill during tests is the Khalei, you start with lvl 1 and pressing S during the test makes the screen blink on pink, during that status you can answer one question really fast and mostly correctly. If she fails, you can click again on the same square, make another “?” appear, taking the place of the X and try to answer again. You have to first click one of the boxes and make a “?” appear on it, then click the paper sheet, Maiko will start trying to answer the question and depending on her knowledge on that study, she will answer it correctly or wrong (tick for right, x for wrong). There is a in game tutorial for it in the tablet Help section.ĭuring tests you will have empty boxes on your left, you need to look down pressing down or selecting the option “always stay down” on the notepad so you don’t need to keep pressing down during tests. It can be found in the hallway with the Sports clubs. When you leave the shower it’ll trigger a scene that unlocks the sex club. You need to first join the boxing club, then take a shower in the girl’s locker room. and you need to press the custom mobile BG in the Options before starting the game. if you don’t want something to be used, like the overlay, just change the name of the file or move it to a different folder.įor the background image it also can be any picture as long as the file name and size is the same. So anything you saw here needs to be renamed to the same thing as the white shirt from the zip file to use it.Īs you can see, you can only use one thing at a time. the graphic can be anything as long and the file name and size of the image remains the same. when you go back outside, you should see the school uniform is replaced with the graphics for the shirt. After buying the shirt in the game, go back to Maiko’s room and press the custom shirt button. To get the custom shirt (or whatever it might be) you need to buy a custom shirt from the lingerie store. copy that data and paste it into the tablet in the other version using the Load icon.Īfter you unzip, place the pictures in the same folder as the game file. When it saves, it generates a alpha numeric code in her tablet. You will need to scroll down to copy all of the save data.Ĭan I load my online game on the offline version? copy that data into a text file and can paste it into the tablet in using the Load icon to load the game. when the save button is clicked, it generates a alpha numeric code in her tablet. In case the save button isn’t working for you, there is alternate way to save the game. The game won’t save! what am I supposed to do? There is a Help section on the tablet you might consider reading also when looking for help. ![]() The interface in Adobe's Lightroom Classic (Image credit: James Abbott)Īffinity Photo and Photoshop use different pricing structures. Scroll to the bottom of our comparison to see a full breakdown of requirements. When it comes to comparing Affinity Photo vs Photoshop in terms of system requirements for Adobe's Photoshop is more demanding, requiring more RAM, more storage and more recent OS. Affinity Photo vs Photoshop: system requirements Affinity Photo is, however, arguably the easier of the two to learn because it’s not quite as cavernous as Photoshop and it's presented in a less intimidating way as a result. You can choose the best learning method for you and improve your skills quickly whichever option you choose. There are many books, magazines, online resources and even workshops available that will help you get to grips with both software options. Photoshop also includes the ability to work on 3D files and even video, both of which require additional learning and knowledge to achieve the best results. There’s no getting around the fact that both Affinity Photo and Photoshop are complex and feature-packed, which inevitably means there’s a fairly steep learning curve when learning how to use either. Affinity Photo vs Photoshop: Learning curve/usability And if you’re a fan of keyboard shortcuts, you’ll find that Affinity Photo has adopted many of Photoshop’s shortcuts so transitioning from one to the other can be almost seamless in this respect. Many are compatible with both programs, but Affinity Photo does require a more protracted process for installation. Photoshop, on the other hand, has no preference for saving in a particular file type so you can select the desired type with Save As without the need to export.Īnother area where Affinity Photo works well is with Photoshop Plugins. Although you can export images in a variety of other formats and work with these instead if you prefer. When you Save As in Affinity Photo you’re presented with one option, and that’s to save images in the software’s native. In many ways, TIFFs are a superior file format to both PSD and afphoto files for several reasons, but when sharing files between Affinity Photo and Photoshop, PSDs are by far the most compatible and sharing TIFFs between the two isn’t recommended. afphoto, which isn’t compatible with many, if any, other editing programs. Its native PSD files are compatible with many more software programs than Affinity Photo’s native file format. Photoshop offers the most compatibility overall. The Affinity Photo Develop Module for Raw processing (Image credit: James Abbott) For more options, see our guide to the best photo-editing software, and make sure you also check out our guide to the best laptops for photo editing. In this article, we’ll look at how the two programs compare in several areas to help you to decide which is best for you. Affinity Photo is popular for its perpetual licence, whereas Photoshop uses a subscription model that makes it significantly more expensive. The two programs are extremely similar in many ways, but their pricing structures are completely different. But since then, it's firmly cemented itself as a compelling alternative to Photoshop, offering many of the same tools and features for adjusting and manipulating images, as well as tools for design. Affinity Photo is much newer, developed by Serif in 2009 and launched in 2015. It was the first image editing software to be made available to the public and it's maintained its dominance as the industry-leading image-editing software ever since. Adobe's Photoshop was developed by Thomas and John Knoll in 1987 and was sold to Adobe Systems Inc in 1988. ![]() First, a bit of history on Affinity Photo vs Photoshop. Great for dedicated rock crawlers, race cars, or custom cars that need the batteries relocated.Ģ. This is for vehicles that do not already have a cranking battery under the hood, or if you are removing the cranking battery under the hood and replacing it with our tray. This is the default option out of the box. One designated as cranking, and one as the accessory battery. Standalone. Only 2 batteries in the vehicle. The Universal kit can be connected to be used in 3 different scenarios.ġ. Both batteries must be the same physical size for the top lid to securely hold them in place.The original factory battery will not fit due to its larger size.Full River FT825-34 boasts 825CCA, 65aH capacity, and 135 minute reserve time.Odyssey 34-PC1500T is for those who need the most capacity possible! 850 CCA, 68 aH, and 135 minute reserve time.NOTE: Batteries ordered through Genesis Offroad will ship separately from the tray due to shipping regulations.Your winch or other high-amp accessories go onto the large center post on the bus bars, and all your other accessories go directly to the smaller screw terminals on the bus bars. Now you can quickly and easily connect your winch, lights, amplifiers, and lots more while keeping the wiring neat and orderly. The bus bars are already pre-wired to the accessory battery. The alternator will charge both batteries for 1 minute, then switches back over to automatic mode to reduce the strain on your alternatorĪlso includes high amp power and ground bus bars.As long as the accessory battery has enough power, you'll be able to start your vehicle instead of being stranded with a dead battery!.Press the Start Boost button and the isolator will connect both batteries together for 1 minute, acting like built-in jumper cables to jump start your engine off your accessory battery.What if your cranking battery is somehow drained down too low to be able to start the vehicle? We have a solution for that. By only charging one battery at a time, your alternator is protected from excessive strain. After you crank the vehicle, your main cranking battery will be charged up to 13.2 volts first, and then the isolator will begin charging your accessory battery.The second battery continues to power your accessories for as long as it will last. When your main cranking battery reaches 12.7 volts, the smart isolator separates the batteries, so that your cranking battery will have enough power to start the engine.When you park and turn off the engine, but continue to use accessories such as lights or the stereo or a CB, both batteries begin to drain down.When both your batteries are fully charged at 13.2 volts, they are automatically connected and are charged at the same time.The included smart isolator gives you automatic control of all the charging functions with no interaction required. Simply pull the terminals off the battery posts, remove the 4 easily accessible stainless fasteners securing the lid, and all the wiring can be lifted up and out of the way to service your batteries when necessary. With all the wiring integrated into the top plate, servicing your batteries has never been easier. High quality battery terminal connectors are soldered and crimped to the flexible 2 gauge wire connecting the batteries together. Use the extra grommets for routing your own accessory wires cleanly and neatly to the power and ground bus bars. The welded gussets on top have holes with grommets to route the wires directly to the correct battery post, so there's no guess work involved to make the connections. All of the wiring has already been done for you, and the smart isolator comes pre-installed. ![]() The top cover plate has several innovative features in a simple package.
Flagler County Sheriff Rick Staly said According to the Sheriff’s Office, gunshots were reported just after 10 p. According to police, the shooting happened at 3:20 a. Bunnell police train for active shooting response at Volusia County’s virtual reality simulator. Located in beautiful Flagler county, Grand Reserve is a master. Hammond Justice Center in Bunnell, Staly announced that his investigators have arrested three people in the murders of Noah Smith, 16, and Keymarion. This is a review for gun/rifle ranges near Bunnell, FL 32110: "I love this place. – A beloved high school basketball star was killed in a double shooting Tuesday evening in Bunnell. 1, in Crystal River went from bad to worse when one man shot the other in the leg, according to a Citrus County Sheriff’s Office report. ![]() A federal initiative aimed at stanching the proliferation of hate crimes like the racist massacre that occurred May 14 was launched during a presentation Thursday in the Frank E. Perfectly located central to all the necessities bu. Deputies initially Free Basic Pistol Class (1/2 day) with your membership that qualifies you to apply for a Florida Concealed Firearm License. Wayfair, Inc affect Florida? The 2018 United States Supreme Court decision in South Dakota v. A 911 call about gunshots placed just after 10:00 p. ![]() Mexico border in rural Hudspeth County, about 90 miles (145 kilometers) east of El Paso. 117 Acres of Club-owned property just 10 minutes from downtown Bunnell. READ: Young Dolph murder suspect Justin Johnson booked into Memphis jail. 5 of 6 parcels left, a minimum of 5 acres each. – A 21-year deputy appeared to have been fatally shot by friendly fire from deputies with whom he was serving a warrant in central Florida early Tuesday, authorities said. Flagler County Sheriff’s Office detectives are investigating. ![]() The Sheriff’s Office said its deputies and By FOX 35 News Staff Published Updated 7:50PM Flagler County FOX 35 Orlando Teen killed in double shooting in Bunnell, Flagler County deputies say Detectives responded On at 12:25 pm, the Bunnell Police Department and the Flagler County Sheriff’s Office responded to a report of shots fired in the area of East Booe Street and South Cherry Noah Smith fatally shot on South Anderson Street. Now Bunnell police are investigating the shooting. ![]() How cool is that: VM console screenshots just by b.esxcli plugin to run shell commands (new.Importing virtual disks of hosted formats in ESXi 5.1.My ownCloud adventures - Part 1: Installation and.Add a line likeġ * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate >/dev/null 2>&1 To synchronize the clock with an NTP server edit root's crontab file by running crontab -e. Run tzconfig as root to configure your time zone. These steps worked for me using the Tools of ESXi 5.1.ĥ. d -clobber-kernel-modules=vmxnet3,pvscsi,vmmemctl ![]() # Unpack and install the Tools (The tar.gz file name may differ): Ln -s /lib/modules/3.2.0-31-virtual/build/include/generated/autoconf.h /lib/modules/3.2.0-31-virtual/build/include/linux/autoconf.h Ln -s /lib/modules/3.2.0-31-virtual/build/include/generated/utsrelease.h /lib/modules/3.2.0-31-virtual/build/include/linux/utsrelease.h # "3.2.0-31-virtual" with the kernel version from "uname -a")Īpt-get install gcc make tar linux-source linux-headers-3.2.0-31-virtual # Install the gcc compiler and kernel headers (Replace So the following steps are required (taken from the BitNami docs) after mounting the VMware Tools ISO by using the "VM / Guest / Install/Upgrade VMware Tools" menu: This appliance is based on Ubuntu 12.04 with Linux kernel version 3.2.0-31-virtual (determine with "uname -a"). This method also requires you to manually register the VM's configuration file (.vmx) and fixing the virtual hardware (add an e1000 Ethernet adapter and a CD-ROM drive).īefore you go and power on the machine for the first time upgrade its virtual hardware to the latest version (vmx-09 in ESXi 5.1).Ĥ. With ESXi 5.1 you will then run into another issue that I already described in an earlier post. If you don't want to use VMware Converter you could also upload the VM files to a datastore of your host and convert the disk files into an ESXi compatible format (using vmkfstools -i in an ESXi shell). Otherwise you will end up with an IDE disk. In the import wizard be sure to change the VM's disk controller type from auto-select to "SCSI LSI Logic". You can use the latest version (5.0.1) of Converter (with ESXi 5.1 you even must use the latest version) to directly upload the machine to the host. It turned out that the best way to deploy to an ESXi 5.x host is to use VMware Converter. In the Bitnami documentation there is misleading information that you should convert the VM to OVF format with an older version of Converter - ignore that. Importing the machine into ESXi was not as straight forward as I thought, because the appliance is not provided in OVF format (that you could just import through the vSphere client), but in VMware Workstation format. Importing the Bitnami ownCloud stack appliance This first post is about installing and initial configuration. I have started playing with ownCloud in my hosted virtual lab and will blog about how I got this up and running, configured for my needs, and what else is needed to make good use of it. Luckily there is software available that enables you to be your own Cloud Storage provider like the Open Source solution ownCloud. and there are also other concerns: Data security, privacy. However, if you want to have a lot of space (1 TB, 2 TB?) then this will get very expensive. They will offer you a limited amount of online storage for free - if you pay them a monthly fee then you will get more. This is why using a Cloud Storage provider is becoming more and more popular: Dropbox, Google Drive, Box.net. want to have your music files and pictures available on any device at any place without manually copying them around. ) - and I bet you do - then you will sooner or later feel the need to share your personal files between them in a seamless, convenient way. If you own multiple different computing devices (portable computers and Desktop PCs at different places, Smartphones, tablets. ![]() Centering the lens element to remove the flare can be a good starting place and we do it here. It may provide some further data when you’re trying to decide if the corners on your new lens are supposed to be sharper than they seem.īecause I know some people are going to ask, I don’t recommend trying to adjust lens elements at home using this method. It can often answer the ‘is it me, or is it the lens?’ question. For the majority of lenses, seeing a decentering pattern when the lens seems soft provides you some confirmation that the lens has a problem and may need a trip back to the factory. Some consumer grade zooms (particularly superzooms), some retrofocus lenses, and a few others show a pattern like this even when they are perfectly aligned, but those are the exception. Using the Star Chart as a poor-man’s centering collimator is a nice screening tool. If you don’t have $30 to spend on a Zeiss Star Chart, you can make a reasonable substitute yourself: just stick some white rings (like notebook paper reinforcing rings) on some black posterboard. We recentered the front element (the most common place for decentering on this particular lens) and the lens returned to perfect resolution. The star chart made it pretty obvious the lens had a centering problem. The other thing that’s nice is the expensive Imatest lab shows me exactly how much the lens is affected, but it doesn’t show WHY it’s affected. Our star-chart flare did a nice job of identifying this decentered lens. It’s significantly worse than the other lenses. The other three lenses peak near 800 line pairs, while the lower left lens peaks at about 600. Also note the vertical axis (which shows the peak resolution) is different for this lens (the program automates the axis). You probably notice that our lower left lens (the one with the flared star chart) has a pattern much softer on the right side. The Zeiss version adds a small white circle around a small black dot in the middle of the star chart. You can buy them for about $30. You determine the lens is properly focused as the rays of the stars get closer and closer to the center. We use a the Zeiss modified Siemens Star Chart. Star Charts are often used as focusing aids, which is one of the reasons we put them on the resolution charts we use for Imatest and our other testing setups. But it’s at least 95% accurate for detecting decentering in our experience (which is for several thousand lenses tested over-and-over). The screening test I’m going to describe is not perfect: a few lenses (particularly ultra-wide and 10x zooms) will give false-positive results and this test won’t detect other causes of softness like problems with spacing of elements. You need just a couple of accessories: a tripod to give your camera a stable platform and a simple chart. But if you just want to check and see if your lens is centered properly (at least for most lenses) you don’t need much equipment at all. Now that we have live-view focusing and the ability to look at images in real-time, we nearly have the same thing as a centering collimator built into our camera and lens. If you want to correct a decentered lens you need an optical bench, a computerized MTF program, or at the very least a lens projector and a lot of knowledge about which elements can be adjusted to correct an abnormality. (You can find them on eBay every so often if you want one to keep around the house.) A Simple Test for Decentering Standard centering collimators became a thing of the past, except for some specialty shops. The equipment is breathtakingly expensive and only the factory and some (not all) factory authorized centers have access to it. When lenses became more automated, so did testing: Lenses are mounted to the manufacturer’s electronic test system and most of the adjustments made electronically – or the computer report suggests which lens elements need be adjusted. Obviously in film days you didn’t take a test shot, send it off to be developed, make an adjustment, take another shot. The technician would then adjust those elements that could be adjusted until the lens was properly centered. ![]() If an element was decentered the chart would flare or be distorted in one direction. It shined a star chart or a chart of concentric circles through the lens. The Way It Used to Beīack in the days of film and manual focus lenses, most repair shops had a centering collimator. But if the lens doesn’t have a reputation for soft corners, it may well be that the copy in question is decentered. Sometimes that’s just how the lens is designed. ![]() But one common issue people ask me about is a lens that seems OK in the center but is very soft in the corners. Unfortunately lenses are too complex for that. It would be nice if we could say “a decentered lens looks like this” and “a tilted lens causes that”. Lens with a Poor Spacing of a Central Element |
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